Film & Ideology †Milk Essay

The definition of the word ideology can be represented in many ways. Today’s basic understanding of the word can be defined as â€Å"the body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture† (Farlex, 2009). Gus Van Sant’s exceptional biopic Milk (Gus Van Sant, 2008) depicts the story of Harvey Milk, the slain gay-rights activist who became the first openly gay man elected to any substantial political office in the history of the planet. Harvey Milk’s life changed history – his courage still motivates people today, his ideals still teach people today and his hope still inspire people today. The release of Milk in 2008 has helped to bring back a new sense of appreciation for the hope and passion that Harvey Milk died for. Milk beautifully shows the fights and struggles Harvey Milk had to go through to gain the trust of the people and in order for his ideologies of a brighter tomorrow for all queer people to be fully appreciated by everyone. Harvey Milk was an individual who did not die in vain; his efforts in fighting for gay rights left a lasting impact on the people of this planet and his hope still lives on to this day. Simply put Harvey Milk’s ideology of fighting on and instilling hope in the fight for gay rights when no one else would, immortalized him – â€Å"Without hope, life’s not worth living† (Milk, 2008) It is now June 7th 1977, the sun has set on the Castro district of San Francisco, and the crowd that has gathered in the street outside Harvey Milk’s camera shop is becoming more and more, impatient and angry. We know watching that the reason that everyone is angry is due to the reports about voters in Dade County, Florida, having voted to overturn a local gay-rights ordinance, giving momentum to a backlash whose most visible public face belongs to Anita Bryant. We know we have reached the climax of the movie. So much is happening all at once in the life of Harvey Milk that you wonder how he has not yet lost his head. His impish upbeat attitude and overly positive optimism in the face of multiplying frustrations makes you look up in awe at the wonderment that is Harvey Milk. The gay residents of the Castro are angry and looking to Harvey for leadership. Though not yet elected to office and having lost 3 years consecutively, Harvey rises to the occasion and leads the angry crowd to city hall where he picks up a bullhorn and address the crowd in a way only Harvey Milk can – turning an angry mob on the verge of a violent riot to a enthusiastic mass willing to fight for their rights the proper way. In the space of a few minutes Harvey goes from a whisper to a shout, from an intimate message of consolation and support to a defiant public speech. Milk shows us that it is these moments, these distinct modes of address, are connected, and that the link between them is what defines Harvey Milk’s aspirations and ideals. According to Dr. Harry M. Benshoff, an associate professor of Radio, Television, and Film at the University of North Texas, queer theorist focus on how sexuality was and is a product of culture, not some sort of biological given. In Milk it is clearly stressed that Harvey too did not believe that homosexuality was a genetic disease. In the scene of the 1977 June 7th march, just before he leaves the store to lead the mob to city hall, Harvey answers the telephone only to be greeted by a scared and confused teenager whose parents believe him to be ill because he is gay. Harvey’s disregard of homosexuality as a genetic disorder is abundantly clear in this scene when he reassures the teenage boy that he isn’t ill and that being gay is perfectly normal. Dr. Benshoff goes on to day that following the work of Alfred Kinsey and Sigmund Freud, queer theorists argue that human sexuality—or indeed, race, gender, class, etc. —are not either/or propositions, but are rather fluid and dynamic socially-defined positions. To suggest that there is one norm (straight white man on top sex for procreation and nothing else) is grossly misleading and only serves to foster rule by the same and persecution of everything else. Throughout Milk we can see that Harvey, though a very passionate gay-rights activist, is not only looking out for the queer folk. He holds dear to the ideal that everyone is equal. In a way he embodies what Kinsey and Freud say. He did not believe in just one norm. In his fight for gay-rights he isn’t trying to one-up the vast heterosexual majority by over throwing them and getting homosexuals to run the world, he is merely trying to get them to see that homosexuals are no different from any other person. Harvey Milk was trying to break down the social barriers that led to narrow minded thinking of just one social norm. In Milk during one of the public rally’s he had, Harvey said that â€Å"all men are created equal. No matter how hard you try, you can never erase those words† – he believed these words with all his heart. To Harvey Milk, he wasn’t just fighting for gay-rights; he was fighting for a way of life that did not constrict its citizens to conform to just one social norm. Milk, Gus Van Sant’s film project that was close to two decades in the making, was released on the 26th of November 2008 and marks the 30th anniversary of Harvey Milk’s death and the brief but brilliant political career he led. Harvey Milk was unfortunately gunned down on November 27th 1978, three weeks after his biggest political victory. The San Francisco city supervisor had been in office less than a year when he spearheaded a statewide campaign to defeat Proposition 6, a ballot initiative that called for the mandatory firing of gay teachers in California. Milk however arrived in theaters three weeks after the biggest political setback the American gay rights movement has suffered in years: the passage of Proposition 8, which reversed the California Supreme Court ruling that legalized same-sex marriage. As untimely as the events that unfolded prior to the theatrical release of Milk, it begs the question on how did Proposition 8 change the meaning—the symbolic and ideological significance as well as the real-world function—of Gus Van Sant’s Milk. The passing of proposition 8 transformed Milk from a delicate, serious-minded period biopic that was directed by the brilliant Gus Van Sant into something much more urgent. Milk was suddenly this shinning beacon of hope that reinstated the hope and passion that was Harvey Milk into today’s gay-rights activist. There are some moments in the film that in retrospect seem as though it is speaking directly to the audience of the present. As the Proposition 6 results start to roll in, Harvey tells his followers: â€Å"If this thing passes, fight the hell back. † Those eight words speak volumes to the people who are fighting against the proposition 6 of today, proposition 8. â€Å"Somehow, when 8 passed, something else happened that was even more intense than the campaign, which is good. It was an inspiring reaction that showed strength to the people who were against Prop 8. So yeah, it seems to have an effect on something that’s similar to it: Prop. 6, that appears in our movie†, Milk director Gus Van Sant was quoted during an interview with IFC. com. The activist understood the message Harvey Milk stood for in the day, and opted not to let his valiant efforts go to waste. To judge from the numerous rallies that have sprung up across the country since Prop 8 passed, many gays and lesbians are doing just that, refusing to go down without a fight. Gay rights advocates have been quoted saying that they hope to capitalize on Milk’s fortuitous topicality. The film’s Oscar winning screenwriter, Dustin Lance Black, and veteran activist Cleve Jones published a manifesto for equality in the San Francisco Chronicle on November 14th 2008 and launched a nationwide campaign of mass protests and civil disobedience. The endnote of their manifesto read, â€Å"Remember always, and reflect in all your actions, that we are not fighting against anyone, or anything. We are struggling for equality†. Harvey Milk was the one that picked up the flag when no one else would. He was the one that led the suppressed minority on to recognition and acceptance. All who wear his badge, or speak his words, or hold strong to his ideals, keep him alive. Milk managed to revitalize Harvey and in a strange twilight zone sort of way enlisted today’s newly radicalized generation to find their figurehead in the movie-hero version of a long-dead hero. In Milk we see that Harvey’s main arsenal in his fight for equality was that he rejected secrecy and shame in favor of openness and visibility. He insisted that the fight against homophobia begins with the act of coming out – â€Å"If they know us, they don’t vote against us†. Harvey Milk realized this earlier than many of his contemporaries. He understood that in order to gain true equality gays and lesbians should serve as their own civil advocated instead of merely relying on pacts and promises made with their straight allies in high and powerful places. Though he was seen as a radical at the time, in retrospect Harvey Milk is an optimist, an idealist, a true believer in the possibilities of American democracy. Gus Van Sant understood where Harvey was coming from with his ‘come out of the closet ideology’. In the interview with IFC. com Gus Van Sant sheds some light on the ideology and how it affected him. â€Å"It was Harvey’s one idea that would have worked and probably did help the â€Å"No on Proposition 6† campaign†¦ultimately, it’s an interesting concept, and that was the way he thought had a huge effect on Proposition 6. If it’s not an unknown, it’s not scary. If it’s a known, it’s friendly and you understand, ‘Oh that person that I know is gay, and this other person I know is gay’. That’s partly how it works†. The openly gay Hollywood director went on to say, â€Å"But people did come out. It was his drive to just come out of the closet, lock the closet, and stay out, which was followed by many people. And really, it was his death request. If a bullet should enter his brain, may it knock down every closet door — that was his last request, his will, which probably extended to many people, including me, because I came out after he was killed†. This is just one of the millions of example on how Harvey Milk’s ideals and aspiration for equality for homosexuals touched and affected the lives of many closeted ones. Milk’s screenwriter Dustin Lance Black was quick to praise Harvey Milk’s ‘come out of the closet’ ideal a really good solution to a problem that tons of people had diagnosed but had yet to offer any answers to in an interview with ABC Radio. In the same interview he said, â€Å"In the years that Harvey put that into place, that sort of philosophy into the campaign, he won an election and a month later he was able to defeat one of the biggest, most popular anti-gay pieces of legislation in our country. He was able to defeat it, very unexpectedly, with that philosophy†. The recent anti-Prop 8 movement however seemed to embrace the opposite tactic. It was a closeted campaign, devoid of a public face, largely dependent on straight spokespeople, and run with a wary defensiveness that would have driven Harvey Milk mad. The story and context of Milk, and of the times in which Harvey Milk lived and led, make clear the continuation of this struggle we still find ourselves in. As soon as you lose a battle, another one looms before, giving you another opportunity to try to win. You win a battle, and before you can catch your breath, another struggle is on the horizon. We fall down only to pick ourselves back up again. Nothing about progress allows for much in the way of rest, but nor does it allow for much to remain stagnant. Harvey Milk’s thoughts were ones that changed the world. His thoughts turned into full out ideologies and his ideologies in turn morphed into a revolution. The ever brilliant Gus Van Sant who has a certain knack for merging the lines between now and then delivers to us a biopic that brings back to life its subject. In the post-proposition 8 viewing of this film, we can now see the rise of a new generation of activist – ones that have been instilled with a new sense of hope. Just as Harvey Milk’s assassination, which he repeatedly foretold, has meant that he remains frozen in time as a martyr, the Proposition 8 result has, for now, has redefined Milk as a cause. Gus Van Sant’s 20 year long journey of bringing to life this culturally epic subject has cemented Harvey Milk’s position as an ideological leader. â€Å"Lives of great men all remind us; we can make our lives sublime, and, departing, leave behind us, footprints on the sands of time† (Longfellow, 1838). Harvey Milk’s footprints would have never been forgotten, but Milk has in a way reaffirmed this stand. Gus Van Sant brought about a hero that was long gone and risen him from six feet under to be celebrated again as if he was never gone. Harvey Milk believed in one thing above all else and that was hope, Gus Van Sant brought back that hope. â€Å"I ask this†¦ If there should be an assassination, I would hope that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand would rise. I would like to see every gay lawyer, every gay architect ‘come out’ – If a bullet should enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door†¦ And that’s all. I ask for the movement to continue. Because it’s not about personal gain, not about ego, not about power†¦ it’s about the â€Å"us’s† out there. Not only gays, but the Blacks, the Asians, the disabled, the seniors, the us’s. Without hope, the us’s give up – I know you cannot live on hope alone, but without it, life is not worth living. So you, and you, and you†¦ You gotta give em’ hope†¦ you gotta give em’ hope. †, were the last lines of Milk. (2435 words). References: 1. Black, D. L. (2008) Interview with Dustin Lance Black, writer, ‘Milk’, viewed May 2009, 2. Doty, A. (1998) The Oxford Guide To Film Studies: Queer Theory, Oxford University Press Inc, New York 3. Dr. Benshoff, H. M. (2006) Notes on Gay History/Queer Theory/Queer Film, viewed May 2009, < http://www. unt. edu/ally/queerfilm. html> 4. Milk, 2008. Film. Directed by Gus Van SANT. USA: Focus Features 5. Sant, G. V. (2008) Interview: Gus Van Sant on â€Å"Milk†, viewed May 2009, < http://www. ifc. com/news/2008/11/gus-van-sant-on-milk. php> 6. TheFreeOnlineDictionary. Com By Farlex (2000) The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

Ntu Career

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Economics Sba Essay

Title: An analysis into the involvement of adults in the financial sector. Purpose of Investigation The purposes of this research are: 1. To identify the association of adults with the formal sector of Tobago. 2. To determine the involvement of adults in the informal sector of Tobago. 3. To determine the factors affecting the involvement of adults in the financial sector. Methods of Investigations The primary source of information used in this project is: 1. Questionnaire. Thirty-one questionnaires were distributed to residents of Canaan. All the persons responding were eighteen and over. Limitations Faced Some limitations faced are: * Villagers misunderstanding some of the questions. * Villagers not taking the questionnaire seriously. * Locating responders to retrieve questionnaires was difficult since they were not known personally. Presentation of Data Factors Affecting Choice in Stock Market Frequency of Use of Stock Market Service Analysis and Interpretation of Data Description of Financial System in Trinidad and Tobago The financial system is a network of savers, investors and financial institutions that work together to ensure that savings are transferred to investors. The financial system consists of two sectors: formal and informal. The formal sector includes all the financial institutions that are regulated officially, such as, commercial banks, credit unions, central bank, stock exchange and insurance companies. The informal sector includes all financial activities that are not under official control, such as, sou sou, money lending. The functions of the Central Bank are: * maintaining the exchange rate of the local currency * solely authorizing the issuing of money * acting as treasurer to government; making payments and receiving taxes * acting as a banker to commercial banks by managing their banking systems * assisting commercial banks that are facing financial problems * assisting development of money markets A commercial bank is a financial institution that is engaged in money transmission services and is jointly owned by shareholders. In Tobago there are four commercial bank; First Citizens Bank, Scotiabank, Republic Bank and Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago. A credit union is a cooperative association whose members can obtain low-interest loans from their combined savings. There are nine credit unions in Tobago, these are; Lambeau Credit Union, Bethel Credit Union, Mt. Pleasant Credit Union, Thawe Credit Union, Whim Credit Union, Tunico Credit Union, Total Holdings Credit Union, Runnemede Credit Union and People’s Credit Union. The Trinidad and Tobago Unit Trust Corporation is a mutual company that dominates the mutual fund market in Trinidad and Tobago. There is a branch in Scarborough, Tobago. The Western Union Company is a financial services and communications company. There are several locations in Tobago, including in Crown Point, Scarborough and Canaan. An insurance company provides financial protection for property, life, health, etc., against contingencies, such as death, loss or damage. There are insurance companies in Tobago; ScotiaLife, Colonial Life Insurance Company, The Beacon and Guardian Life. A stock exchange is an organized market facilitating the purchase and sale of securities, operated by professional stockbrokers. The Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange is located in Port-of-Spain. Market Structure Market Structure refers to the type of competition faced by firms in an industry. The four main market structures are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. | No. of Buyers and Sellers| Knowledge| Type of Product| Control of Price| Barriers to Entry| Perfect Competition| Many buyers and sellers| Perfect| Homogeneous| Price Taker| No barriers| Monopolistic competition| Many buyers and sellers| Imperfect| Differentiated| Price Setter| Low barriers| Oligopoly| Many buyers, few sellers| Imperfect| Homogeneous or differentiated| Price Setter| High barriers| Monopoly| Many buyers, one seller| Imperfect| Unique| Price Setter| Very high barriers| Banks in Trinidad and Tobago fall under an oligopolistic market because there are few sellers and many buyers. Credit unions are under a perfect competition market. Unit trust is a monopoly. Western union is an oligopoly. Insurance companies are oligopolies. The stock exchange is a monopoly. Participation of Adults in Canaan Village in the Formal Sector Banks Location was the largest factor in Canaan’s choice in banks at 24%, and customer service followed with 22%. Advertisements affected 16% of respondents, whereas 13% were influenced by friends. Both the respondents who chose at random and those who knew employees of banks earned 9% each. Unspecified reasons determined 5% of choices and age–group appeal impacted only 2%. Twenty-three adults in Canaan use banks; 13% use them rarely, 26% visit fortnightly, 30% monthly, and another 30% weekly. Stock Market Only three residents of Canaan are involved in the stock market, one influenced by friends, another chose at random and the third whose reason was unstated. Of the three residents who use the stock market, each used the service at different frequencies: rarely, monthly and another unspecified time span. Credit Unions Influence of friends determined 21% of residents of Canaan choice in credit union, indefinite reasons following with 17%. Respondents who decided at random earned 13%, those who chose based on knowing an employee earning the same. Customer service and location earned 12% each, advertisements affect 8% and age group only appealed to 4%. The majority of respondents, namely 35%, rarely use the services of a credit union. The second most common time span, monthly, made up 24%. 18% use credit unions annually, and 12% chose based on unspecified reasons. 6% use services weekly and another 6% fortnightly. Unit Trust Advertisements influence a quarter of Unit Trust members in the village of Canaan. Customer service, friends and unmentioned reasons affected 19% each and 18% of respondents were impacted by location, age group and knowing an employee equally. Of the Unit Trust members that reside in Canaan, 45% rarely use its services. Another 45% use it monthly, and approximately 10%, fortnightly. Insurance Companies Customer service influenced 24% of Canaan’s residents in terms of insurance companies, 19% were impacted by advertisements and age-appeal affected 14%. Respondents who knew employees made up 10%, and those whose reason was unspecified also formed 10%. Location and friends each earned 9%. 5% of choices were made at random. 40% of villagers who have insurance use it monthly and those that use it fortnightly, annually, and at unstipulated time intervals made up 20% of respondents each. Western Union Of the people who use Western Union/Money Gram in Canaan, an estimated 25%, were influenced by the customer service, 25% were affected by location and another 25% by arbitrary selection. Unstipulated reasons determined 17% of villager choices and 8% personally knew an employee. The most common frequency at which the services of Western Union/Money Gram were used was ‘monthly’, earning 44%. One quarter of the remaining 56% of respondents used services rarely, another quarter, annually, another weekly, and the final uses the services in an unstated time period. Findings 1. It has been found that 100% of the adults in Canaan that use services of the formal sector. 2. There was participation in the in informal sector. Â  3. The main factors affecting the involvement of residents of Canaan in the financial sector are location, influence of friends, customer service and location. 4. To identify the association of adults with the formal sector of Tobago. 5. To determine the involvement of adults in the informal sector of Tobago. 6. To determine the factors affecting the involvement of adults in the financial sector. Recommendations 1. One of the factors Institutions can appeal more to certain age groups.

Violence in Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Violence in Mental Health - Essay Example The study is focused on presenting the different issues and factors pertinent to the violence in mental health services and facilities. To be able to achieve the said objective, there are different points that are needed to be given attention and meaning, for example the definition of the violence that can be experienced by medical providers and nursing personnel. Definition of Violence in Mental Services There are different medical conditions that can result to violence toward health care providers. Included in the said conditions are mental health, substance abuse and the combined effects of the two. In the study conducted to determine the characteristics of violence for recent entrants to acute mental health and substance abuse facility, results had shown that there is a high prevalence of violence within the sample population studied. Approximately 41% of the 171 individuals included in the study had been involved in incidents of violence within the period of 30 days. In the recorded cases of violence, The study reached a conclusion that violence is prevalent in mental health and substance abuse treatment facilities but presented the significance of the bias due to the fact that data gathering was based on self-reporting, thus, violent incidents that the patients committed were understated. (Mericle & Havassy, 2008, p.392). Aside from the definition of the pertinent concepts in the topic then, the study presented the need to establish standards in the measurement of data related to violence within medical services. The main focus of the study is violence against mental health professionals. Significant number of nursing staff views the issue as an occupational hazard but the reality of the problem had been the focus of concern of authorities on the safety of the health care professionals specifically due to the effects of the violence which can range from simple physical pain to the worst which is death. Psychological effects cannot also be neglected since based on results of studi es the trauma can be compared to experiencing crimes and natural calamities (Anderson & West, 2011, p.34). Risk Factors in Violence Against Medical Professionals The risk factors are also pertinent to the study specifically the patients’ tendency to commit violence and the health professionals characteristics’ that can fall victim to violent scenarios in mental facilities (Anderson & West, 2011, p.34). The patients’ tendency to commit violence had been explored by different organizations of authority. One of the main risks contributing to violence is severe mental illness of the patient in mental services. Based on the research conducted by the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), patients with serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, major depression or bipolar disorder have 2 to 3 times higher impulse to commit violent assaults as compared to other patients. But the percentage of people with such conditi ons is very limited that it cannot significantly alter the violent cases in mental health services. In addition to serious mental illness, the presence of multiple mental conditions can also increase the

Professional Goals (Short Term and Long Term) Essay

Professional Goals (Short Term and Long Term) - Essay Example 127). The contemporary trends do amply testify to the fact that in the years to come, the United States of America is projected to come across a severe shortage of qualified nursing professionals, especially when a significant proportion of baby boomers are bound to age, leading to a commensurate rise in the demand for health care services (American Association of Colleges of Nursing 2012). Besides, a fast shifting population and rapidly changing industry trends have given rise to a soaring demand for qualified nursing professionals and administrators. In the light of these developments and correlating them to my own aptitude and passion for nursing, I believe that if I affiliate to a Master’s Degree Program as a Clinical Nurse Specialist/Educator, it will give a positive and propitious turn to my overall professional life. I believe that short term and long term professional goals could pragmatically be configured and enunciated only in the light of an individual’s exi sting academic and professional credentials and achievements. Hence, to facilitate an insight into my ambition to pursue a Master’s Degree Program as a Clinical Nurse Specialist/Educator, it is imperative to elaborate on my current academic and professional qualifications. I am a Registered Nurse with a Board Examination License from the State of Ohio. I have secured an Associate’s Degree in Nursing from Cincinnati Technical College’s, Bethesda School of Nursing. I was also affiliated to RN-BSN Program at Jacksonville University. I also secured a B.S. Health Care Administration from Suffield College. In the light of my aforementioned academic achievements and qualifications, I believe that aspiring for a Master’s Degree Program as a Clinical Nurse Specialist/Educator tends to be a very predictable, logical and deserving progression of my career aspirations and goals. It is a fact that simply cannot be ignored that nursing like any other applied profession is not merely about degree and on paper qualifications. It is the actual work experience that hones a nursing professional’s skills and abilities and prepares one to graduate to higher academic achievements and aspirations (Donahue, 1996, p. 288). In that sense, I believe that my practical nursing career and experience amply bolster my future goals. I am a highly skilled nursing professional with 20 years practical experience in hospital, rehab and long term care. I have a one year experience as a staff nurse on medical surgical unit from Bethesda Hospital, where I was responsible for supervision of nursing assistants and administering care to the patients as per the Nurse Practice Act and State/Federal regulations and also the hospital policy and procedures. I also served for a year as Staff Nurse to the Director of Nursing at Burlington House Alzheimer’s Center. I further added to my professional experience by being a Staff Nurse to the Director of Nursing for a per iod of 4 years at JUDSON Village Retirement Community. I have also worked as a Nurse Manager at Maple Knoll Village rehab facility. For one full year I worked as a Director of Nurses for Liberty Matrix of Westwood. I have also accumulated ample experience as a Clinical Nurse1/Charge nurse dealing with the day to day functioning of unit activities, involving all disciplinaries including daily unit meetings and staff responsibilities. From January 2011 to November 2011, I served as a Nurse

Environmental Auditing Strategy Proposal for Household Waste Recycling Assignment

Environmental Auditing Strategy Proposal for Household Waste Recycling Centres - Assignment Example This incorporates employing various strategies, which embraces recycling of the available used resources. The strategies employed are more effective when they are cost cutting and conservative. Introduction Household waste recycling involves recovering useful materials, such as metals, glass, plastic and paper from trash and used to make new products thus reducing the amount of raw materials required. This helps in waste prevention; that is designing products to reduce the level of waste that is thrown away later hence making the resulting waste less toxic. Therefore, an environmental auditing strategy enables the client to adopt a cost effective and proportional to environment management. The environment audit process provides a substantial reduction in risk and improves compliance records. It is also used by the audit company in provision of data so that corporate headquarters and client’s company respond to environmental targets and pressures its resources appropriately (Be nita, 2008). Proper management of environmental issues is significant to the success of the client’s company. Therefore, if household waste is properly, a project can derive substantial benefits through enhanced corporate reputation, improved efficiency and risk reduction. If there is ignorance, or ineffective management of environmental issues brings about adverse publicity, wasted money and also prosecution by the authority, as a result of abuse of opportunities. Environment audit includes mitigating your organization’s reputation and legal risks, reducing operational inefficiencies, achieving the certification required and improving the environmental performance of your organization. It also incorporates risk mitigation. Audits carried out in the environment act as an appropriate risk management tool in assessing compliance with legislating the environment hence, assisting your organization in avoiding risk of prosecution by the authority, and fines arising from pot ential environmental breaches. This is normally true in those circumstances where there exist hazardous polluting industries in the surrounding. Conducting an environmental audit will help in reassuring the client’s company and ensure that it is living up to the environmental standards. Environmental issues are both complex and varied and hence, for effective management it will need a combination of an effective, practical, understanding and an environmental technical expertise of the processes, practices and plans relates with the environment, economic and social factors. Therefore, environmental auditing is a form of environmental assessment and is a vital tool in determining and benchmarking environmental performances and risks. It is necessarily undertaken as part of risk management process, hence able to help the client in examining their current operations associated with environmental aspects, as well as taking note of the future trends so that they exploit them effect ively. The overall aim of the study was to provide a clear view of how a city can meet the requirements of the waste option of its plan and hence, there should be a development of waste management plan. Research question/solution The proposal examines whether the audit company has a segregation procedure, employee awareness of the procedure used, and analysis of records regarding the

Construction & Diagnostic of Recombinant DNA Plasmid Research Paper

Construction & Diagnostic of Recombinant DNA Plasmid - Research Paper Example The experiment established that the competency of cells increased greatly.   In the next experiment, running PCR provided me with an amplified His3 gene which is used in subsequent steps to transform haploid yeast. Transformation occurred through homologous recombination. The experiment proved that specific integration does occur although cases of non-specific integration are rampant. In the next experiment, I constructed a sub-clone of the HIS3 gene and inserted it into a plasmid pSP72 making a recombinant plasmid which I used to transform bacterial cells. In order to determine whether the integration was successful, I extracted the plasmid to analyze if the inserted gene was present. However, I established that integration had not been successful. Introduction One of the laboratory techniques that help in understanding the basics of knocking out genes is the standardized procedure of replacing the ADE2 gene responsible for adenine biosynthesis with HIS3 that is responsible for on e of the steps in histidine amino acids. The procedure involves production of a hybrid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the first step. The hybrid product constitute of the vector DNA template and the primers of choice. Running of the PCR major steps produces the hybrid product. Agarose gel electrophoresis helps in determining whether PCR amplification occurred. The next step involves the transformation of yeast cells with the hybrid PCR product. The last step involves analysis of r4esults and morphology of transformed yeast cells. Other experiments involve transforming competent Escherichia coli cells with the use of a plasmid as a vector. This transformation follows the recombinant DNA technology protocol. The general procedure starts with digestion of plasmid DNA and template DNA of interest with restriction enzymes to generate DNA fragments with sticky ends. The second step involves ligation of the DNA fragments using DNA ligase, forming a recombinant plasmid. The next step in volves insertion of the recombinant plasmid into the competent bacterial cells. The final step involves plating on appropriate media and selection of transformed cells. In addition, performing a backward procedure of isolating the plasmid from the transformed cells verifies insertion at the right locus. Laboratory 1: Transformation of Competent Bacteria Objective: Introduction of Plasmid DNA into E. coli cells and determination of transformation efficiency Materials and Reagents: Plasmid DNA Gene of interest SOC media LB-amp media Procedure: The protocol preferred was the High-Efficiency Transformation Protocol. However, a variation occurred with 2 µl of plasmid DNA. The high efficiency transformation protocol requires thawing of competent cells in ice for about ten minutes. The next step involves transfer of 50 µl of the cells to a transformation tube using a micropipette. Adding of 2 µl of plasmid DNA into the tube followed. The next step involved placing the mixture on ice for 20 minutes. Next, exposure of cells to heat shock at 42?C occurs, a process lasting 35 seconds. Following this was adding the right amount of SOC media to the cells. After this, incubation at 37C? for 40 minutes and subsequent vigorous shaking followed. Plating of the cells in LB-amp media and overnight incubation at 37?C was the last step. In the first experiment, plating of the concentrated cell mixture without dilution occurred. In subsequent trials, there was dilution of cell solution at different dilution ratios.

Stem cell research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stem cell research - Essay Example The usability of stem cell therapy is wide but for this the destruction of young life cannot be allowed on ethical grounds. Stem cell research could pave way to a medical world where solution can be sort out for many fatal diseases but the brutality involved in it cannot be disregarded. Human embryo in any way cannot be suggested to be employed for the research or for the treatment purpose. The consequences and medical ethical point of view to stem cell research is important to study as it is connected with the destruction of a budding life. Stem cells are living from of human and it contains DNA and destruction of one life should never be a ladder to the life of another. The information and facts for this study has been in qualitative form as it is obtained from internet sources, books and journals. A thorough study of literature has been conducted and analysis and assessments are drawn accordingly. The Stem cell research Stem cells are undifferentiated cells of dualistic nature fou nd in human embryos and animal’s .The stem cells while remaining undifferentiated has the capability to expand or can differentiate and contribute to the development or repair of tissues of the body. In the website (Deem,2009)writes that â€Å"According to many stem cell researchers, embryonic stem cells are the preferred stem cells for cell-based therapies. Although they tend be more versatile than adult stem cells, other sources (including umbilical cord stem cells) have proven to be just as versatile†. The remarkable potentiality of the stem cells to develop in to different cell type is the advantage many scientists want to make use in future. Recently scientist has used only two types of stems cells namely: embryonic stem cells and non – embryonic stem cells. The stem cells present in the embryos have the unique capability of regenerating when introduced in the body of diseased or injured person. Stem cells have the potentiality in treating people suffering from heart diseases and diabetes. Stem cells are different from other cells present in the body. Unlike blood cells, nerve cells or muscle cells which do not replicate stem cells have the ability to replicate. Presently the scientist is under the process of studying the signaling pattern inside and outside each stem cell with their differentiating process. The majority of research and laboratory activities regarding the advantages of stem cells on human health are still yet to begin. Stem cell research also throws light upon the specific properties of stem cells and their contribution to attain new drugs and treatment. Pros and Cons of stem cell research The pros and cons of stem cell research related to embryonic cells can be described as follows. Pros Most people and scientists think that with the help of stem cells from embryo many diseases suffered by the people can be minimized Many people think that stem cells can help scientist in studying and observing the diffentiating proc ess it undergoes through replicating. Some people assume that ,stem cells can help in reproducing major organs of people who are diseased hence prolonging their life expectancy There is argument in scientific world that the excess embryo generated for the in vitro fertilization should be destroyed or utilized for research purpose. The embryo has many vital stem cells than adult cells and cord cells and is

Lap report for AS1B subject Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lap for AS1B subject - Lab Report Example Two angles are important in this perspective; the angle of refraction and the incident angle. Refractive index (RI) with regard to Snell’s Law provides a mathematical relationship between the incident angle and the angle of refraction. According to Snell’s Law In other cases the light travels in a perpendicular line and RI cannot be measured by comparing the two angles. In such a case one can measure the RI by getting the ratio of the Real Depth (RD) to the Apparent Depth (AD). For instance, when determining the RI of water one can insert a measurement ruler until it touches the bottom of a beaker of known height (RD), and then comparing it with the depth as seen by the eye (AD). The following experiment consists of two parts; the first part used fresh tap water while the second experiment used salty water. The aims of the experiment were to determine the refractive index of water and to establish whether the salinity of water affected its refractive index. The refractive indices of the first experiment as demonstrated in Table 1 indicate that there was minimal difference. The average refractive index for the first experiment was found to be 1.38. According to literature, the refractive index of water is averagely 1.3 (Freeman, 2003). In essence, the experimental results were closer to the results found in literature. The fact that the refractive index of water has a value greater than 1 implies that light travels much faster in air than in water. In essence, air is less dense than water and as light travels from air to water the speed reduces. The average refractive index for saline water was found to be 1.51 indicating that saline water was denser than tap water. Another realization is that as the saline concentration of the water was being increased, the refractive index also increa sed. The results imply that an increase in salinity causes an increase in the density of water. When salt is dissolved in

O2 trans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

O2 trans - Essay Example For such a reason, chemical engineering based on this models treats the circulatory system as a chemical process, with the heart as an ultimate pump and blood vessels acting as pipes. However, the body which is termed as a chemical plant in this perspective since it is accorded with both the output and input systems and allows us to use mathematical equation for modeling oxygen transport. On the other hand, it is of great value to know the term diffusion and convection and towards learning and calculation of the rate of oxygen transport within a human body. This convection is much more dominant in the larger blood vessel like arteries. Also, diffusion occurs more likely within dominant small blood vessel including veins and capillaries. The entire breathing system often begins begin from the nose towards lungs, before finally dissolving in the water lining composed of alveoli. Oxygen hence clings into the red blood cells as they bypass through the alveoli capillaries. The entire circulatory system is mainly responsible for the transport of substances throughout the body. It transports water, oxygen and nutrients to billions of the body cells as well as carrying away of wastes that includes carbon dioxide produced by the body during the entire excretion process. It one of the most amazing highway that revolves through an individual’s entire body while connecting all the available body cells. The heart, lungs, and blood vessels work together towards forming the circular segment of the entire circulatory system. The heart plays a distinct role of pumping blood and keeping of the blood flow throughout an individual’s body. Blood vessels assist in transportation of blood from the heart to all the destined places. Their main role is to the aspect of oxygen transportation from outside into the entire bloodstream, and the release of carbon dioxide from bloodstream into the ultimate

How should the state of Colorado generate funds for Higher Education Essay

How should the state of Colorado generate funds for Higher Education - Essay Example The state of the education system in the state is regarded as one of the most productive in the nation. In addition to that, it is a leader in the development of green technologies. The state promotes research initiatives and it is a major contributor to research in different areas. According to a report, the economic consequences of research institutions in the state are incredible. The recent reports show for the University of Colorado and Colorado State University show that each$1 of state general fund produces $13.2 of additional economic activity, therefore, it is imperative for the government to increase the general fund for Colorado for the interest of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reasons for the scarcity of funds in the State of Colorado despite its economic significance are several folds. An analysis of the root cause of the problem can provide us valuable suggestions for how to bridge the gap between the supply and demand of funds. Firstly, the higher education crisis is triggered due to the fact that Colorado’s system has failed to meet the demand created by demographic shifts. The most growing ethnic minority, Latinos, are underrepresented in the higher education system. In addition to that, the state imports a significant proportion of the population with postsecondary education while failing to accommodate the needs of its current citizens. The institutions in Colorado significantly differ in enrollment of low-income students as compared to the income level of the counties they serve. Finally, the state ranks at the lowest on the basis of state funding per FTE.

Writing a commentary of your charity advert Essay Example for Free

Writing a commentary of your charity advert Essay My charity advert is for children addicted to computer games. At first I thought of sensible ideas like heart disease or cancer but then I thought why dont I do something wacky. Once I thought of the idea all these things started flowing through my brain.  The audience for my advert is parents and old people. This is because if you were a parent and you had children then you would think I dont want my child to turn out like that. So they would give money to the charity so that other parents can get help before it is too late. Then with the grandparents they would be thinking I dont want my grandchild to be brain washed by these computer games I would prefer for them to go out get some fresh air and play. Also they would be thinking how much money they would have to spend on the games. So they would like to help someone in need. The purpose of the advert is for people to donate money to help needy kids. I hope that the reader will see the picture of brain playing computer games first and think that it is funny. Then they would go on to read the advert to find out how serious the matter is and how they should donate. The brain makes the advert look interesting because it is eye catching. I hope that the reader will find it funny but I also hope they would understand why I have chosen that picture. I have written the heading IS THIS YOUR CHILD? WELL IT COULD BE in bold lettering so that readers would have a quick insight into what the advert is about. When you see the big bold heading you read on. This is because you want to find out not only what the advert is about but also how it can affect your children. I used big words which the average everyday person might not know. When they see these large words like rehabilitation they will think that they are professionals and that they have also be educated. I hope that the reader would find it shocking that this is happening right under their noses. They would start thinking what if it happened to the woman next doors child. She would want some support. They would also be thankful that it is not their child but they would still like to help.  When I showed the advert to my friends and family they thought the brain idea was good. They also liked the way I used big words. If it was a real advert I think that people would find the advert comic. Maybe they might think that it is a joke at first so that would make them read it. Then when they read on they would realise the seriousness of the advert and how we need help

Strategies for Beginning an Export Business

Strategies for Beginning an Export Business Introduction Of Export Procedure For carrying an export, one must understand and analyze the market, by carry out the research. It is not prudent to for any individual to start export without knowing about the statistics and consumer needs of particular market. However the person is very enthusiastic but still there is always a probability to fail because at times they loss more and earn less out of it. In order to enter into the export market an individual has to take the help of intermediaries and has to give some percentage share as a part of commission, which means by giving a part of profit to intermediaries exporter is having less profit and as intermediaries enter into the contract the price for the customer would be increased. All export good are produced with high efficiency and standard of the quality should be maintained. There is cutthroat competition in the global market everybody wants to Sale its product. The customer always have an option of supplier, so the strategies needs to be adopted for becoming the expert salesman At times the product timely delivery becomes a challenge for exporter but is not due to exporters fault, go-slows, Dock strikes, etc; occurs almost allover the world. If someone is entering for the first time in the export market then, then he has to ensure the efficient fast delivery as per the promised made to the consignee about the consignment. Effective communication is the backbone of the accomplishment of any business. It may be internal or external must be comprehensive and immediate. Similarly communication plays vital role in export. When you are in doubt at that time you can e-mail or phone you client for immediate clarification. Failure in the market of export can be minimized by the use of research of the Global Market. Before going on large scale overseas operation first you have to start will small scale, so that experiment marketing often turns out to be cheaper. There are many thing required before starting a new business of export. So let us discuss the various preliminaries of Starting an export business Preliminaries Exercies Before Starting Export Business Establishment Of Business Organization. The First and the foremost question arise in the mind of potential exporter has to decide is about the business organization needed for the export purpose. It is very important decision an exporter has to take whether a business he has to run will be sole proprietary, partnership firm, HUF or a company. The establishment of healthy organization will depend upon.   Capability to raise finance as an exporter   Capacity to bear the risk as an exporter   Desire to implement the control over the business   Nature of regulatory structure applicable to you In case of sole proprietary business person has to go with the small business unit. It can be set up with minimum expense and legal formalities. The biggest disadvantage of the sole proprietary of the business is limited liability to raise the fund which restricts the growth, and owner also has the unlimited personal liability. To avoid this disadvantage, it is more advisable to start the partnership firm. The partnership firm can be set up with ease and economy. In Partnership firm experience and expertise of the partner is beneficial to the firm. The biggest disadvantage of partnership firm is that when the liability of the partner through joint or several, practically or as per the partnership deed ratio would be distributer among various partners. If your partner has unlimited liability, then this the major disadvantage of partnership firm of business organization is that conflict between the partners is a possible threat to the business. Procedure For Registration Of The Company. The company has to be registered under the company act 1956. Whether the company can be private Ltd or public ltd company. In private ltd company can be registered with minimum 2 Members and maximum up to 50.While in case of Public limited company can be registered with Minimum 7members and no limit for the maximum number of members. It can invite the shareholder or invite public to subscribe the share capital and permit to transfer the shares. The public ltd company has enormous potential to access the substantial funds as per the company law. Mode Of Operation: You may be a proprietor or a partner of a firm, Director of a Private or Public Limited Company or an executive or manager of a small or large size of company and wish to enter into overseas market for selling your products. If you are the manufacturer and would like to sell your products overseas, you may act as Manufacturer Exporter. If you would like to buy products from other manufacturers and sell them in overseas market, you may act as Merchant Exporter. If you are the manufacturer and along with your own products would like to sell products of other manufacturers also, you may act as Manufacturer and Merchant Exporter as well. Manufacturer Exporter means a person who export goods manufactured by him or intends to export such goods. Merchant Exporter means a person engaged in trading activity and exporting or intending to export goods. Importance Of Business Title. Giving the title to the business is always essential task for the exporter. Name or the Title of the business should be simple and meaningful. Title should be indicating the nature of business. Physical office should be at commercial complex and in clean and workable surrounding. After deciding the business title, company has to think about the trade name and logo which reinforces the organization name and image in the global market. Besides this letter head, telephone number, fax number banker name address etc are required. Note: Company has to open the current account in the name of company. It is advisable to open the bank account who is authorized to deal with foreign exchange. Selection Of Product And Company Selecting the product and the company plays a vital role for exporter. Exporter has to understand the demand and the trend of foreign market. Now the exporter has to procure or manufacture selected product at most competitive price. It should be easily available in sufficient quantity and possible to supply repeatedly and regularly. Moreover the product which is selected has to be as per the term of government policy various regulations in respect of selection of product for export. It is value addition if some has previous experience of selection of same commodities which is selected by you for export. Effective Business Correspondence Now the business correspondence should sound professional. For making a favorable and excellent impression all the e-mail should be send from the company domain and if any document or company profile is sent to client then has to be in nice envelope on which companys Name, physical address, phone no and fax details has to be there which gives the clear picture about the company to the client. The entire letter that is written and sends the client needs to be on the companys letter head. A hypothetical specimen export letter is given below: Ref: XYZ/NJK2009/ 20th Jan, 2010 The Purchase Manager M/s.XYZ Ltd. . (U.S.A.) Dear Sir, We are one of the leading exporters of a wide range of items including ABC for the last fifteen years. Our major buyers are..Europe and USA We are one of the registered export houses in India. We represent..15%.indian market and   the leading manufacturers of these items in India. These items are produced in collaboration with BID brands, the world famous company. We follow the ISI specifications. We believe that your company imports the items we export. We are enclosing herewith a copy of our brochure and price list for your perusal. We shall be glad to send you detailed literature/ samples of items that may be of interests to you. Yours sincerely, For JKL PVT Ltd. Director Encl: As above. Your letter should contain the following minimum information about your organization and products Type of organizations- i.e. proprietary, partnership, private limited or limited company and whether you are acting as manufacturer exporter or merchant exporter etc. Range specification and standards of your products and your manufacturing capacity. Whether you are holding any international standard certification for the products you manufacture. Types of consumers which are using your product in India Sales outlets Wholesalers, your own showrooms branch offices, representatives offices in India and abroad. Your sales turnover, including exports sales and Name and address of your bankers. Export Information You may collect the export information from reading various publications which are normally available with the Chambers of Commerce, Export promotin Councils, Banks and various other institutions engaged in international trade. Some private publications/ project reports are also available on certain fees. Export Commodity Selection While selecting the commodity for exports, consider the following points: Your own manufacturing capacity, if you are the manufacturer of a particular commodity. The availability of commodity from other manufacturers when you desire to act as a merchant exporter. The demand for the commodity in the importing country. The Government of Indias policy and regulations in respect of export of various commodities. The foreign Governments policy and regulations in respect of import of various commodities. Total profitability of such commodities considering cash incentives available, If any. The Import replenishment available, if any. Quota fixation, if any, in respect of such commodities in both the countries. Knowledge and experience of similar exporters in respect of the export of such commodities in various countries. Market Selection Target market should be selected after considering the various factors like scope of the product selected, political embargo, stability of demand, Obtaining Particulars Of Foreign Buyers You may obtain the particulars of foreign buyers from either of the following sources: Trade representatives of foreing Government in India as well as the Indian Trade representatives abroad. Various Export Promotion Councils and Commodity Boards and other Government and Semi-Government Agencies. International Trade Directories and International Yellow Pages Participating/Visiting in International Trade Fairs and exhibitions in India and abroad. Reading material i.e. various newspapers, weekly, fortnightly, monthly Trade Bulletins, Magazines, Journals published by various agencies like FIEO, ITPO, EP Councils, Commodity Boards and Chambers of Commerce etc. Advertising in Indian as well as foreign newspapers, magazines and journals. Relatives, friends and other contacts in foreign countries. Once the competition is assessed, you will know your position regarding- (a) the price which you can offer to the overseas buyer, (b) the terms of credit which you can offer, (c) the packaging, transportation, storage, distribution and after-sales-service methods you can adopt; and (d) the promotional efforts which you can offer in terms of publicity literature, visual publicity, advertisement, gifts etc. depending on the product. Negotiating With Prospective Buyers Export Order An order is a commercial transaction which is not only important to the exporter and importer, but it is also of concern to their respective countries, since it affects the balance of payment position of both the countries. It is therefore, not just a matter of product, manufacturing, packing, shipment and payment but also one of the concern to licensing authorities, exchange control authorities and banks dealing in export trade. The exporter is required to produce copies of export order to various Government departments/financial institutions e.g. obtaining export licenses when the product is covered under the restricted items or canalized items for exports, availing post-shipment finance and other incentives and dealing with inspection authorities, insurance underwriters, customs offices and exchange control authorities etc. for various purposes. Order Acceptance: The order acceptance is another important commercial document prepared by the exporter confirming the acceptance of order place by the importer. Under this document he commits the shipments of goods covered at the agreed price during a specified time. Sometimes, the exporter needs a copy of his order acceptance signed by the importer. The order acceptance normally covers the name and address of the indentor, name and address of the consignee, port of shipment, country of final destinations, the description of goods, quantity, price each and total amount of the order, terms of delivery, details of freight and insurance, mode of transport, packing and marking details, terms of payment etc. Export Price Quoting And Costing Although your product is of a good quality, you must give attention to its price and delivery terms. The buyer might have contacted other manufacturers or sellers of the same products like you in India and other countries and select a quality product of competitive price with prompt delivery. While quoting the price, alongwith the cost of product and your profit margin, consider the various expenses such as packing and labeling charges, inspection charges, transportation charges from the place of storage to the place of shipment, port commissioners charges, insurance charges, ocean freight charges, cost of documents and services, expected Bank charges for handling your documents, overseas agent commission or discount if the order is expected through agent or representative and other expenses which you will have to bear in the course of execution of the order. Export being a national necessity, the Government grants concession and assistance in various matters so as to make the product competitive in the overseas market. Therefore, while calculating the price, the following things are also required to be considered- (a) Fiscal incentives like tax concession for production of export goods and drawback of duty. (b) Financial assistance like cash subsidy to offset competition in overseas market. (c) Special incentive scheme like import replenishment licenses (d) General incentives like providing institutional arrangements for export promotion and training in exports, rewarding etc.

Examining Matrices Of Relation

Examining Matrices Of Relation History of matrix had to be going back to the ancient times, because it is not applied until 1850. Matrix is the Latin word for womb, and is same in English. It can also mean something is formed or produced. Matrix was introdeced by James Joseph Sylvester,who have brief career at the University of Virginia, which came to an abrupt end after an enraged Sylvester, hit a newspaper-reading student with a sword stick and fled the country, believing he had killed the student! An important Chinese text from between 300 BC and AD 200, Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art (Chiu Chang Suan Shu), gives the use in matrix method to solve simultaneous equations. And this is origins of matrix. Too much and not enough, is the concept of a determinant first appears in the treatises seventh chapter. These concepts is invented nearly two millennia before Japanese mathematician Seki Kowa in 1683 or his German contemporary Gottfried Leibnitz (who is also credited with the invention of differential calculus, separately from but simultaneously with Isaac Newton) found it and use it widely. In chapter eight Methods of rectangular arrays, using a counting board that is mathematically identical to the modern matrix method of solution to solve the simultaneous equation is more widely use. This is also called Gaussian elimination outlined by Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). Matrices has its important in ancient China and today it is not only solve simultaneous equation, but also for designing the computer games graphics, describing the quantum mechanics of atomic structure, analysing relationships, and even plotting complicated dance steps! Background of Matrices More and larger with amount of numerical data, measurements of one form or another gathered from their lab is confronting the scientists. However the mere collecting and recording data have been collected, data must analyze and interpreted. And here, matrix algebra is useful in both simplifying and promoting much development of many analysis methods but also in organizing computer techniques to execute those methods and present its results. Definition An M x N matrix is a rectangular array of members having m rows and n columns. The number comprising the array are called element of the matrix. The numbers m and n are called dimensions of the matrix. The set of all m x n matrices is denoted by Rm x n. We shall ordinarily denote a matrix by an upper case Latin or Greek letter, whenever possible, an element of a matrix will be denoted by the corresponding lower case Greek letter with two subscripts, the first specifying the row that contains the element and the second the column. ( ) ( ) Thus the 3 x 3 matrix has the form: A3x3 ( ) The matrix is read as A with r rows and c columns has order r x c (read as r by c) or Ar x c And 4 x 3 matrix has the form: ( ) In some applications, notably those involving partitioned matrices, considerable notational simplification can achieved by permitting matrices with one or both its dimensions zero. Such matrices will be said to be void. Row and column matrix The n x 1 matrix A has the form Such matrix is called a column vector which has a single column only, which looks exactly like a member of Rn. We shall not distinguish between n x 1 matrices and n-vectors; they will de denoted by upper or lower case Latin letters as convenience dictates. Example: the 1 x n matrix R has the form R= (à Ã‚ 11, à Ã‚ 12, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ , à Ã‚ 1n). R= (5, 6, 7, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ,n) Such a matrix will be called a row vector. A well-organized notation is that of denoting matrices by uppercase letters and their elements by the lowercase counterparts with appropriate subscripts. Vectors are denoted by lowercase letters, often from the end of the alphabet, using the prime superscript to distinguish a row vector from a column vector. Thus A is a column vector and R is a row vector, ÃŽÂ » is use for scalar whereby scalar represent a single number such as 2,-4 Equal matrices For two matrices to be equal, every single element in the first matrix must be equal to the corresponding element in the other matrix. So these two matrices are equal: = But these two are not: Of course this means that if two matrices are equal, then they must have the same numbers of rows and columns as each other. So a 33 matrix could never be equal to a 24 matrix, for instance. Also remember that each element must be equal to that element in the other matrix, so its no good if all the values are there but in different places: Combining the ideas of subtraction and equality leads to the definition of zero matrix algebra. For when A=B , then aij =bij And so A B = { aij bij} = { 0 }=0 Which mean in matrix are Square Matrix A square matrix is a matrix which has the same number of rows and columns. An m x n matrix A is said to be a square matrix if m = n Example: number of rows = number of columns. *provided no ambiguity In the sequel the dimensions and properties of a matrix will often be determined by context. As an example of this, the statement that A is of order n carries the implication that A is square. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order n. Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied. A square matrix A is called invertible or non-singular if there exists a matrix B such that AB = I This is equivalent to BA = I Moreover, if B exists, it is unique and is called the inverse matrix of A, denoted Aà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. The entries Ai,i form the main diagonal of a matrix. The trace, TR(A) of a square matrix A is the sum of its diagonal entries. While, as mentioned above, matrix multiplication is not commutative, the trace of the product of two matrices is independent of the order of the factors: TR (AB) = TR (BA). Also, the trace of a matrix is equal to that of its transpose, i.e. TR(A) = TR(AT). If all entries outside the main diagonal are zero, A is called a diagonal matrix. If only all entries above (below) the main diagonal are zero, A is called a lower triangular matrix (upper triangular matrix, respectively). For example, if n = 3, they look like (Diagonal), (lower) and (upper triangular matrix). Properties of Square Matrix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Any two square matrices of the same order can be added. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Any two square matrices of the same order can be multiplied. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A square matrix A is called invertible or non-singular if there exists a matrix B such that AB = In. Examples for Square Matrix For example: A = is a square matrix of order 3 ÃÆ'- 3. Relations of matrices If R is a relation from X to Y and x1, . . . , xm is an ordering of the elements of X and y1, . . . , yn is an ordering of the elements of Y , the matrix A of R is obtained by defining Aij = 1 if xi R yj and 0 otherwise. Note that the matrix of R depends on the orderings of X and Y. Example: The matrix of the relation R = {(1, a), (3, c), (5, d), (1, b)} From X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} to Y = {a, b, c, d, e} relative to the orderings 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and a, b, c, d, e is Example: We see from the matrix in the first example that the elements (1, a), (3, c), (5, d), (1, b) are in the relation because those entries in the matrix are 1. We also see that the domain is {1, 3, 5} because those rows contain at least one 1, and the range is {a, b, c, d} because those columns contain at least one. Symmetric and anti-symmetric Let R be a relation on a set X, let x1, . . . , xn be an ordering of X, and let A be the matrix of R where the ordering x1, . . . , xn is used for both the rows and columns. Then R is reflexive if and only if the main diagonal of A consists of all 1s (i.e., Aii = 1 for all i). R is symmetric if and only if A is symmetric (i.e., Aij = Aji for all i and j). R is anti-symmetric if and only if for all i = j, Aij and Aji are not both equal to 1. R is transitive if and only if whenever A2 ij is nonzero, Aij is also nonzero. Example: The matrix of the relation R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3)} on {1, 2, 3, 4} relative to the ordering 1, 2, 3, 4 is A = We see that R is not reflexive because As main diagonal contains a 0. R is not symmetric because A is not symmetric; for example, A12 = 1, but A21 = 0. R is anti-symmetric because for all i = j, Aij and Aji are not both equal to 1. Reflexive Matrices In functional analysis, reflexive operator is an operator that has enough invariant subspaces to characterize it. The matrices that obey the reflexive rules also called ref matrices. A relation is reflexive if and only if it contains (x,x) for all x in the base set. Nest algebras are examples of reflexive matrices. In dimensions or spaces of matrices, finite dimensions are the matrices of a given size whose nonzero entries lie in an upper-triangular pattern. This 2 by 2 matrices is NOT a reflexive matrices The matrix of the relation which is reflexive is R={(a, a),(b,b),(c,c),(d,d),(b,c),(c,b)}on {a,b,c,d}, relative to the ordering a,b,c,d is Or In generally reflexive matrices are in the case if and only if it contains (x,x) for all x in the base set. Transitive Matrices When we talk about transitive matrices, we have to compare the A(matrix) to the A2(matrix). Whenever the element in the A is nonzero then the element in theA2 have to be nonzero or vice versa to show that the matrices is transitive. For examples of transitive matrices: Then the A2 is Now we can have a look where all the element aij in A and A2 is either both nonzero or both are zero. Another example: Conclusion In conclusion, the matrix we are discussed previous is useful and powerful in the mathematical analysis and collecting data. Besides the simultaneous equations, the characteristic of the matrices are useful in the programming where we putting in array that is a matrix also to store the data. Lastly, the matrices are playing very important role in the computer science and applied mathematics. So we can manage well of matrix, then we can play easy in computer science but the matrix is not easy to understand whereby these few pages of discussion and characteristic just a minor part of matrix. With this mini project, we know more about matrix and if we need to know all about how it uses in the computer science subject, I personally think that it will be difficult as it can be very complicated.

Dickens Ideas On Gentility As Shown Through Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Dickens criticized the world of his own time because it valued the status of being a gentleman over someone doing a useful job. Those who thought they were gentlemen often mocked ordinary citizens. Show how he achieved these aims through the language used and his description of the way Pip and the other characters behaved in the novel. In his numerous literary works, Dickens strong sense of right and wrong, and his recognition of the many injustices present in Victorian Society are clearly displayed. There is no better an example of these strong set of ideals then those portrayed in his novel, Great Expectations, which tells the story of Pip, a young boy who is initially fooled into believing that material wealth is a substitute for the real moral values a gentleman should posses. However, through the many trials and tribulations he is forced to go through, he is finally able to identify what it means to be a "true gentleman", one that has acquired true wealth and value. It is only then that he is able to see the real meaning behind Matthew Pocket’s wise words, that: "No man was not a true gentleman at heart, ever was since the world began, a true gentleman in manner." (page 175) In Dickens novel, society’s idea of a gentleman is perceived as someone of great affluence and breeding, who did not necessarily posses the moral values and graces a true gentleman should have. After his initial visit to Satis House, Pip was infatuated by Estella’s beauty, wealth, and self importance. He allowed himself to be degraded by her scornful references to his "coarse hands", and "thick boots", not realizing at this point that these factors are unimportant on the route to becoming a true gentleman. At that very moment, he deludes himself into believing that if he were to meet Estella’s interpretations of gentlemanly conduct, that she would regard him as her equal. Unfortunately, he completely fails to recognize the true moral values present in Joe and Biddy, and is attracted instead by a fantasized version of Miss Havisham’s and Estella’s lifestyles. He sees his visit to Satis House as the first link in the long chain of events which will lead to his eventually becoming a gentleman. Dickens leaves the reader with no doubt that position and rank were major contributory factors as to how a person was regarded in Victorian society.

population :: essays research papers

The Immigration Debate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Migration is a natural condition of humankind. People have traditionally moved voluntarily hope of freedom and economical, cultural and educational opportunities. As of recent there has been a conflict of interest in terms of immigration. Mr. John Isbister shows both sides in his book, The Immigration Debate. Although Mr. Isbister shows both sides on immigration, he is clearly proimmigration. He says, â€Å"immigrantscontribute positively to the quality of American life and that immigration is consistent with the moral values that Americans hold closest†isbister 4). He says immigratswill continue to add to America’s melting pot theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He starts his book talking abouhistory ofnited States policy. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 wereenacted as part to deny asylum toEuropean supporters of Democracy. The Immigration Act of 1924 was the first permanet limitation on immigration, established the â€Å" national origins quota system†(). This act set a quota of immigrants to the United States at two percent of the number of persons of a given nationality residing in the United States. Since quotas were based on the proportions of the U.S. population, the system greatly favored northern Europeans and discriminate against Asians. The quota system was finally abolished in The Migration Refugee Assistance Act of 1962. The act opened opportunities for families to reunify. Many refugees came from Cuba and Latin America. This actr surprisingly increased the number of non white immigrants. Now crowds of Hispanic and Asains can be found throughout the entire nation. Mr. Isbister says that the new infl ux of Hispanics and Asains is cyclical and that the population will control itself. The first cycle happened from 1820 to 1967, nearly 90 percent of all immigrants were from Canada or Europe. From the Migration Refugee Assistane Act of 1962, Mexico and other Central American countries were the maority of immigrants. Only thirteen percent of immigrants were from Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now there happens to be a huge influx of illegal immigrants. To control the illegal aliens Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act in 1986. This act punished employers who hired undocumented immigrants. It also granted citizenship to illegal aliens who had been residing in the United States for several years. No one really knows how many illegal immigrants there are living in the United States, but estimates say there are about four to five million illegals leaving here, almost all of them are non-white.

The Advantages of a Small Company

Small businesses, or â€Å"mom and pop† organization are the backbone of this country. From the days when European settlers first founded our nation, entrepreneurs recognized an opportunity and strove to fill the needs of their clientele, even if it was only in exchange for a commodity like food. Today, in an economy filled with big box retailers like Wal-Mart, communications giants like AT&T and food and beverage conglomerates like Nestle, what is often missing is the human touch. Back when our parents were growing up, buying groceries meant a trip to the local market where the butcher cut your meat while you waited and a visit to the pharmacy often included a soda fountain treat served up by the teenager who lived down the street. Shopping was never a quick errand but also served as social time for chit chat between neighbors and friends. Bigger is not always better. The presence of huge corporations is slowly forcing the small business owner to either get out or find new ways to compete for business. Certainly you cannot call AT&T’s customer service line and find a relative on the other end of the line who will ensure you receive the utmost in care and maybe even include a recipe for that casserole you admired at last weekend’s Sunday social. Chances are that when you purchase a bag of dog food made by Ralston-Purina, a division of Nestle Foods, there will be no representative of the company asking after your satisfaction and your ill grandmother’s health. Modern-day society could only benefit from a return to the standards of small business practices such as used to be common. After all, wouldn’t a personal touch go a long way towards developing necessary relationships within our communities? References Fredman, Catherine, (June, 2007). Executive Secrets: Small Business, Big Impact. Retrieved August 13, 2007 from United Hemispheres: http://www.hemispheresmagazine.com/jun07/executivesecrets.html   

College on Campus VS Online Essay

So, you receive decided you penury to go to college. Do you know what your plectrons be? Read on to direct a brief get a line at what these options demand to offer and see what the pros and cons of any(prenominal) selection argon. Every disciple is different and is spirit for the type of college that fits them the best. Learning expression and ad hominem study preferences tend to assist in making the right election. attention college on a campus or online imbibe interchangeable step upcomes precisely differ in how school-age childs mind kind, complete discriminate civilize, and interact with teachers and associatemates. The finis is yours to nettle.Whether a student decides to calculate a campus or re important at home(a) and control sortes online they still halt to go through the same basic processes. tonus into and get a educate, pick the in demand(p) major, apply for financial aid, and start classes. With both choice in that respect pass on b e professors to teach all the different classes. or so professors dexterity not be as enjoyable as another(prenominal)s, and it does not truly matter if the student meets them in some(prenominal)body or not. There allow for besides be other students of all ages be the same classes they allow for confuse the chance to interact with and get to know each other either face-to-face or through messages on the computer. Attending college online and on campus offers the same or equivalent classes that imply books, that have to be read and discussed with the class, provision that leave have to be entire and turned in, and the students still have to testify up for class and checkicipate. Whichever choices, the student will bump off and complete all sorts of classes and at last graduate with a floor of their choosing.along with things in common, campus and online college also have some(prenominal) differences that need to be interpreted into throwa port before making a terminal decision. Getting to campus plunder be difficult, the student would have to drive, take a bus, or a cab. This makes going to trail blush more than expensive, paying for gas pedal or paying fees to use public exile add to the cost of school. Staying home and processing class online becomes the cheaper option, even if tuition is unremarkably slightly higher. This is one of the big differences to consider. other important variance to make original is considered is whether they indispensability to have everyday interactions with classmates and professors. If they choose to attend online classes almost all communion is through with(p) via the Internet. However there is the option of calling their teachers if needed.As for relating with classmates daily, this is all done within the virtual classroom however, they do not get to meet the quite a little they ar in class with. Attending class is also very different, on a campus students have to get up in the morning and get dressed, they have to be presentable when going to class, and this takes clock sentence. and so they have to drive to the school, get to class before it starts at whatever designated times atomic number 18 given, and then sit there for lectures and discussions. With online college they be able to save their gas money, sit at home in their pajamas, and attend class whenever it is convenient. There ar no set class times, and they do not have to go anywhere. Doing and round in assignments is also something that is usually different. At a college campus many of the assignments will be done on paper and give in to the professors. Online all class work is done and turned in on the computer by submitting them on the schools vanesite.Another thing nigh attending online classes is whichever degree program is chosen the student typically only take classes toward that degree. Elective classes john be taken online, further they are not unremarkably included in the degree programs because fetching classes online are supposed to be a immediate way to get to the degree the student demands. If attending a campus they will more than likely have more opportunities to attend these extra classes. Also not included when attending college online is the ability to centre clubs or participate in school functions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as sports or other school events. This is a slap-up hire of information to process and cerebrate about, save we are not done yet. discerning the similarities and differences between these types of colleges are not all that needs to be considered. Students need to think about their life style and which type of college will fit their daily lives. One of the main things to think about is what kind of account they have. If they work full or part time they will have to word form out how to work in a school document. Depending on if they are single, married, or have children, also affects when, how, and where they can attend school. What activities and other obligations they have planned calendar week to week also make suitable school time in difficult. These are all things that have to be legal opinion about while planning how and where to attend college. Another factor that has to be taken into account is how the person learns. What is their learning style? There are many ship canal a person can learn, such as by reading and taking notes or seeing the action taking place.Some students need to have soulfulness speak about what they are learning, such as a lecture. Some mountain need to work in a group others do better at learning alone. hunch forwarding the best way they learn will assist in deciding how they will take classes. When attending college at a campus they will be going to classes and listening to lectures, reading class material, and doing assignments, some on their own and some in groups. Online classes require the student to attend class on their own, when they can but still make attendance and participate. They have to be the type of person who can make time to attend class and do the assigned work without person telling them to do it. As an online student they have to manage their own schedule and make sure all assignments are turned in on time. They have to know themselves and what they can do to give their goals.Deciding how and where to go to college is a operose one. You have to take a great deal of information into consideration. The social and class opportunities given at a campus are a definite plus, but they have to be worth the extra time and money needed to get to and from school. By going to college at a campus it may also take you longer to get to your degree goal. Attending a campus can also take time absent from family and friends. If you have a busy lifestyle with work, children, or other obligations going to college online might be a better choice for you. You can get your degree faster and be able to achieve your dreams in a time lier manner.Have you made a decision yet? Probably not, but you will. Keep in mind that you are doing this for you and no one can make this decision for you. Some advice for you is to do your research. Go visit some college campuses, surf the web for schools that offer online classes for the degree that you want, and dont settle for the first school you look into, whether it is online or at a campus. Know what you want out of college, do you want to fast track, or take your time and get all you can out of the experience? Once you contemplate what you want and how you want to get it the rest will fall into place.

Effect of Technology and Network Security Support on Information Security Essay

first appearanceInformation guarantor has become star of the challenges in ripping benefits of selective knowledge technology. It has been frame step forward that most people awe development modern study and communication technology due to fear of the l adeptliness of their individualized details.Information technology has nurse the growth of online serve like e-commerce, e-banking, e-governance, and numerous others which inevitable people to give their reactive soulal details. However, practice like hacking and others which prison-breaking earnest measures of randomness prevail wear away ab step upbodyal confidence in riding habit of ICT dish. Information hostage atomic number 50 be described as the act of freehand protection to teaching and agreements by denying unlicenced price of admission, ingestion, disclosure or modification.The power of engineering science on teaching certificationThe hobby argon the technical methods that atomic ac count 18 employ in ensuing study aegis AuthenticationAuthentication is the process with which a person or whatsoever other things undergoes finished a stay process to determine whether it is the wholeness. It is the way with which close tothing or approximatelyone is confirmed to erect whether the claim make is actually accredited (McNab, 2004). Authentication may involve halt of own(prenominal) identity, origin of any artifact or basically making authorisation that computer programs is trusted. Authentication is one of the unremarkably social occasion methods of ensuring teaching protection. It may be implemented through contrasting methods including give-and-takeA tidings ground proceed be specify as private entropy that is only known to the owner. A intelligence assigns a customr identity which is associated with the war cry. The password at that placefrom becomes the gateway for the user to access that particular identity (Information Resources, 2009). Passwords ar personal and thitherfore the standard of the password is really(prenominal) meaning(a). Strong passwords ar difficult to conjecture as compargond to weak passwords and therefore they stretch to a greater extent security to private information. It is crucial that user safeguard their password and at a time they suspect that someone else has accessed their passwords they should consider changing them to ensure security.TokenA security token is a hardwargon winding that is use by the owner to evidence their identity. Once the plait is recognized by the ne t run, the user is given access to the system. A token commode be in different forms ranging from smart cards, key fob, and galore(postnominal) others (Erin, 2005). Tokens provide high level security through two-factor enfranchisement method. First, the owner has a personal identification number or PIN which authorizes them to access the bend. Second the device displays that PIN number of the user to the system which allows them to access the system. Unlike passwords, token be more inexpugnable since even if the device falls in wrong hands, it give be difficult to guess the PIN. The quadruple types of tokes include static password, synchronous potbelly-do password, asynchronous password, and challenge response.BiometricsBiometric is one of the most advance authentication techniques that be used when dealing with galore(postnominal) people. It entrust be observed that today, all(prenominal)one enters in a baseball match after their natural characteristics acquire been recorded in a system while in nurture kids use their thumb to access meals. These match the commonly used biometric techniques where the emphasis is one authentication using personal inexpugnable-arm characteristics (Down and Sands, 2004). Biometric uses different physical characteristics including eye, face, voice, fingerprints, shape of the hand, and numerous others.These characteristics ato mic number 18 quite unique to e really individual and they be one of the strong proofs to the personal identity. However, biometric authentication devices argon very costly to buy and maintain and therefore they argon used in very sensitive situations. One of the bigest weaknesses of this method is that it is very easy to attacked stored comparison images than to reduplicate those physical traits. In most cases, biometrics is used as a two factor authentication methods where a password is combined with personal physical appearance. softw be system product at that place are a number of softwares that have been developed to protect information in any communicate. The following are common software used in information securityAntivirusAntivirus are software developed to protect information from virus, pick disclose ware, and malware. Antiviruses are used mostly in profits connected profit where there is a high risk of mete out of virus (Dhillon, 2007). Antivirus software most ly used includes MacAfee, Karspasky, NOD32, and many others.Content get throughingContent filtering is too known as information filtering. It encompasses the use of software to screen information on computers. It is besides used in internet firewall especially by corporations to guard some information considered private. Content filtering helps to include or to exclude some information which can be accessed by a person and excluding information which is deemed objectionable (Dhillon, 2007).Content filtering is withal used at home and at school in ramble to filter information that can be accessed by children. In this case, it is used to filter out pornographic materials and violence oriented materials. In the internet sum filtering can be classified into web filtering where some WebPages are filtered out and e-mail filtering where e-mails are screened for spam. However, case filtering is criticized on the ground that some authorised information may be filtered out of the acce ssible content such that the information accessed does non really help the user.encryptionWith the increased use of the internet, a great deal of sensitive personal information is sent from one person to another(prenominal) or to an organization. This raises serious questions regarding the safety of that information and the confidence that only the intended manslayer receives and understands the information. To raise this level of confidence, data encryption method has been developed (Biham and Shamir, 1991). Although encryption has been used since the time of Roman Empire, it has become more complicated and with diverse use today.encryption mainly involves conversion of a clean data to another form which can only be read and soundless by a specified person or computer. This information is regarded as ciphered or encrypted data since it cannot be understood easily. It is healed back to its original form through decryption. The level of protection and integrity in encryption i s carry outd by the use of message authentication enactment or digital signature.Message authentication code creates a secret key for the sender and receiver of the information which makes it more secure and authentic. Today, there are many softwares that are used in encrypting data. However, encryption is not one of the most secure methods of ensuring data security since there are heterogeneous methods like traffic analysis, brute motor, TEMPEST, and many others which can be used to soil the encrypted data (Biham and Shamir, 1991). It has been found that even some of the most complex algorithms like RSA, diethylstilbestrol and others can be broken using these softwares.iii. HardwareFirewalls have also vie an authorized role in enhancing information security. They can be used each in hardware or in software or when the two are combined. In day to day uses, firewalls are important in protection unauthorized access to a private net income which is connected to the internet especially in the cases of intranets (Whitman and Mattord, 2007). Firewalls filters all messaging entering and exit the intranet to ensure that it blocks those messages which are devoid of the plant security standards. There are four major types of techniques used in implementing firewalls including software system filterThis is one of the most effectual and transparent firewall techniques. Under this technique, each and any packet entering and leaving the electronic network is filtered and only those which meet user defined criteria are allowed while the rest are blocked. However, the technique is quite difficult to assemble and is more susceptible to IP spoofing. finishing gatewayApplication gateway applies a defined security mechanism to some specific maskings like FTP, Telnet master of ceremoniess, and others. Although it is quite powerful, it can also lead to degradation of performance. dress circle level gatewayThis technique applies firewall security only when a TCP or UDP connected has been made. Once the connection is established, packets of data continue to flow without being go over since a secure connection has been made.proxy serverProxy server technique intercepts in and out of a network. The server is quite effective in conceal the network addresses and hence cannot be obtained easily.The effect of net guarantor Support on information securityAlthough technology has been effective in deterring cyber crime, it is clear that technology exclusively cannot work. Even with the advanced technology and application of the various information security methods we have reviewed preceding(prenominal), human support is still needed. There are various ways that have been employed in supporting technological method to raise up cyber crimes. The following are some of these methods hacker HuntersHacker hunters are special branches that have been set up in legal philosophy department aimed at draging charge cyber criminals. Hacker hunters are pr owling cyberspace with an aim of tracking down and arresting professional cyber criminals who are motivated by big profits made online. Hacker hunters are employing gumshoe techniques to track down cyber crime suspect (Grow and Bush, 2005). They are employing various methods including infiltration of taxicab convocations, observe the hackers through underground networks, and when possible, intercepting the hackers before they can cause any damage. Most important, hacker hunters are relying on intelligence in order to track cyber criminals.They are using watchers inner hackers group to get vital information regarding their operation. For example in 2004, Hacker Hunters in Washington unleashed Operation Firewall in which they targeted members of the ShandowCrew tracking them through their website shandowcrew.com with the help of an informant from the group. Hackers Hunters must therefore seek inside information from individuals in these groups in order to fight deter them. They are applying the identical principles that were used in the 1960s to fight organized crime since both are similar in many aspects.legal philosophy OperationsPolice operations work in the same manner as hacker hunters. In most cases, natural law force operations are carried out by a special group indoors the police force and reinforce the work of hacker hunters. For example in the above case, the Special Agents in the operation firewall got aid from the local police forces. Therefore police operations are important in pursuing cyber criminals to ensure security of information (Leyden, 2004).Unlike hacker hunters, police operations are carried out as rubbish of routine crimes. This means that although there may be a special group carrying out police operations, it may not be entirely specialized in scrap cybercrime. In most countries, there are special internet police departments which are used in fighting internet crimes. These police departments are entrusted with carrying o ut important functions like fighting cybercrime, censorship, propaganda, online scams, use of goods and run of online opinions, and others.However one of their most important duties is to work closely with hacker hunters in intervening and apprehending cyber criminals. Internet police departments also collaborate with other police departments in other countries in enforcing internet security laws and apprehending cyber criminals. In the international front, Interpol has been important in enforcing international crimes.iii. Network protection serve well CompaniesFor many companies, proving information security is an big-ticket(prenominal) endeavor. Companies are not only required to install hardware and software devices, simply they must also collaborate with power to ensure information security. However, the growth of somatic resources in provision of secure note environment has made many information security methods inefficient and expensive (Lighthouse earnest Group, 200 9). For this reason, most companies are finding it tolerate to outsource comprehensive and streamlined network security services from Network security receiptss Company. Network Security Service Companies have also become important in enforcing information security.These are companies which are specialized in providing services to enforce information security. These companies stretch Managed Security service (MSS) which are security capabilities mostly outsourced by other companies. These services vary from supplementing of an living security system to offering a complete new MSS where the Network Security Service Company is entrusted with information security. However, MSS is fair(a) one of the different types of managed services others including routing, hosting, LAN, VPN, and others. Network Security Service Companies therefore offer specialized high quality network security services ensuring for many enterprises. final stageThe increased incidence of breach of seclusion o f information has had negative impact on adoption of ICT services. The emergence of e-commerce, e-banking, e-governance and other online services which required input of sensitive personal details have been affected by increased hacking of information.There are different methods that have been developed to increase information security mainly through the use of technology and network support on information security. Technological methods include authentication through password, token, biometrics software including antivirus, content filtering, or encryption and hardware through use of firewall techniques. Network security support includes hacker hunters, police operations, and security services offered by network security service companies.ReferenceBiham, E. & Shamir, A. (1991). Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like Cryptosystems. daybook of Cryptology, Vol. 4(1) 3-72Dhillon, G. (2007). Principles of information systems security text and cases. NY put-on Wiley & SonsDown, M. P & Sands, R. (2004). Biometrics An Overview of the engine room, Challenges and Control Considerations. federal official Computer Week, 21(13)Erin, B. (2005). Information security Token. Boston, engine room PressGrow, B. & Bush, J. (2005). Hacker Hunters An elite force takes on the dark side of computing. Retrieved twenty-eighth April 2009 from http//www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_22/b3935001_mz001.htmInformation Resources, (2009). Security tips Password protection. Retrieved twenty-eighth April 2009 from http//www.utdallas.edu/ir/security/STpassword.htmLeyden, J. (2004). Enforcement is key in fighting cybercrime. Retrieved 28th April 2009 from http//www.crime-research.org/analytics/473/Lighthouse Security Group, (2009). Enterprise security solutions. Retrieved 28th April 2009 http//www.lighthousecs.com/Practices/Enterprise-Security-Solutions/McNab, C. (2004). Network Security Assessment. Sebastopol, CA OReillyWhitman, M. & Mattord, J. (2007). Management of information secur ity. Boston, Technology Press